Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans.

Nature
Authors
Iosif Lazaridis
Nick Patterson
Alissa Mittnik
Gabriel Renaud
Swapan Mallick
Karola Kirsanow
Peter Sudmant
Joshua Schraiber
Sergi Castellano
Mark Lipson
Bonnie Berger
Christos Economou
Ruth Bollongino
Qiaomei Fu
Kirsten Bos
Susanne Nordenfelt
Heng Li
Cesare de Filippo
Kay Prüfer
Susanna Sawyer
Cosimo Posth
Wolfgang Haak
Fredrik Hallgren
Elin Fornander
Nadin Rohland
Dominique Delsate
Michael Francken
Jean-Michel Guinet
Joachim Wahl
George Ayodo
Hamza Babiker
Graciela Bailliet
Elena Balanovska
Oleg Balanovsky
Ramiro Barrantes
Gabriel Bedoya
Haim Ben-Ami
Judit Bene
Fouad Berrada
Claudio Bravi
Francesca Brisighelli
George Busby
Francesco Cali
Mikhail Churnosov
David Cole
Daniel Corach
Larissa Damba
George van Driem
Stanislav Dryomov
Jean-Michel Dugoujon
Sardana Fedorova
Irene Romero
Marina Gubina
Michael Hammer
Brenna Henn
Tor Hervig
Ugur Hodoglugil
Aashish Jha
Sena Karachanak-Yankova
Rita Khusainova
Elza Khusnutdinova
Rick Kittles
Toomas Kivisild
William Klitz
Vaidutis Kučinskas
Alena Kushniarevich
Leila Laredj
Sergey Litvinov
Theologos Loukidis
Robert Mahley
Béla Melegh
Ene Metspalu
Julio Molina
Joanna Mountain
Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi
Desislava Nesheva
Thomas Nyambo
Ludmila Osipova
Jüri Parik
Fedor Platonov
Olga Posukh
Valentino Romano
Francisco Rothhammer
Igor Rudan
Ruslan Ruizbakiev
Hovhannes Sahakyan
Antti Sajantila
Antonio Salas
Elena Starikovskaya
Ayele Tarekegn
Draga Toncheva
Shahlo Turdikulova
Ingrida Uktveryte
Olga Utevska
René Vasquez
Mercedes Villena
Mikhail Voevoda
Cheryl Winkler
Levon Yepiskoposyan
Pierre Zalloua
Tatijana Zemunik
Alan Cooper
Cristian Capelli
Mark Thomas
Andres Ruiz-Linares
Sarah Tishkoff
Lalji Singh
Kumarasamy Thangaraj
Richard Villems
David Comas
Rem Sukernik
Mait Metspalu
Matthias Meyer
Evan Eichler
Joachim Burger
Montgomery Slatkin
Svante Pääbo
Janet Kelso
David Reich
Johannes Krause
Keywords
Humans
European Continental Ancestry Group
Genome, Human
Europe
Principal Component Analysis
History, Ancient
Asia
Population Dynamics
Agriculture
Abstract

We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.
Year of Publication
2014
Journal
Nature
Volume
513
Issue
7518
Pages
409-13
Date Published
2014 Sep 18
ISSN
1476-4687
URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13673
DOI
10.1038/nature13673
PubMed ID
25230663
PubMed Central ID
PMC4170574
Links
Grant list
HHSN26120080001E / PHS HHS / United States
8DP1ES022577-04 / DP / NCCDPHP CDC HHS / United States
R01 GM100233 / GM / NIGMS NIH HHS / United States
R01 GM040282 / GM / NIGMS NIH HHS / United States
R01 HG006399 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States
HG002385 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States
Intramural NIH HHS / United States
HG004120 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States
GM100233 / GM / NIGMS NIH HHS / United States
Howard Hughes Medical Institute / United States
R01 HG002385 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States
GM40282 / GM / NIGMS NIH HHS / United States
P01 HG004120 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States
DP1 ES022577 / ES / NIEHS NIH HHS / United States

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