CDK4/6 inhibition triggers anti-tumour immunity.

Nature
Authors
Keywords
Abstract

Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are fundamental drivers of the cell cycle and are required for the initiation and progression of various malignancies. Pharmacological inhibitors of CDK4/6 have shown significant activity against several solid tumours. Their primary mechanism of action is thought to be the inhibition of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor, inducing G1 cell cycle arrest in tumour cells. Here we use mouse models of breast carcinoma and other solid tumours to show that selective CDK4/6 inhibitors not only induce tumour cell cycle arrest, but also promote anti-tumour immunity. We confirm this phenomenon through transcriptomic analysis of serial biopsies from a clinical trial of CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment for breast cancer. The enhanced anti-tumour immune response has two underpinnings. First, CDK4/6 inhibitors activate tumour cell expression of endogenous retroviral elements, thus increasing intracellular levels of double-stranded RNA. This in turn stimulates production of type III interferons and hence enhances tumour antigen presentation. Second, CDK4/6 inhibitors markedly suppress the proliferation of regulatory T cells. Mechanistically, the effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors both on tumour cells and on regulatory T cells are associated with reduced activity of the E2F target, DNA methyltransferase 1. Ultimately, these events promote cytotoxic T-cell-mediated clearance of tumour cells, which is further enhanced by the addition of immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings indicate that CDK4/6 inhibitors increase tumour immunogenicity and provide a rationale for new combination regimens comprising CDK4/6 inhibitors and immunotherapies as anti-cancer treatment.

Year of Publication
2017
Journal
Nature
Volume
548
Issue
7668
Pages
471-475
Date Published
2017 08 24
ISSN
1476-4687
DOI
10.1038/nature23465
PubMed ID
28813415
PubMed Central ID
PMC5570667
Links
Grant list
R01 CA166284 / CA / NCI NIH HHS / United States
R01 CA187918 / CA / NCI NIH HHS / United States
R01 CA172461 / CA / NCI NIH HHS / United States
P50 CA168504 / CA / NCI NIH HHS / United States
R35 CA210057 / CA / NCI NIH HHS / United States
CA187918-02 / NH / NIH HHS / United States