Association of DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Traumatic Experience Type and History in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.

JAMA Psychiatry
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Keywords
Abstract

Importance: Previous research has documented significant variation in the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) depending on the type of traumatic experience (TE) and history of TE exposure, but the relatively small sample sizes in these studies resulted in a number of unresolved basic questions.

Objective: To examine disaggregated associations of type of TE history with PTSD in a large cross-national community epidemiologic data set.

Design, Setting, and Participants: The World Health Organization World Mental Health surveys assessed 29 TE types (lifetime exposure, age at first exposure) with DSM-IV PTSD that was associated with 1 randomly selected TE exposure (the random TE) for each respondent. Surveys were administered in 20 countries (n = 34 676 respondents) from 2001 to 2012. Data were analyzed from October 1, 2015, to September 1, 2016.

Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of PTSD assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

Results: Among the 34 676 respondents (55.4% [SE, 0.6%] men and 44.6% [SE, 0.6%] women; mean [SE] age, 43.7 [0.2] years), lifetime TE exposure was reported by a weighted 70.3% of respondents (mean [SE] number of exposures, 4.5 [0.04] among respondents with any TE). Weighted (by TE frequency) prevalence of PTSD associated with random TEs was 4.0%. Odds ratios (ORs) of PTSD were elevated for TEs involving sexual violence (2.7; 95% CI, 2.0-3.8) and witnessing atrocities (4.2; 95% CI, 1.0-17.8). Prior exposure to some, but not all, same-type TEs was associated with increased vulnerability (eg, physical assault; OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3-7.9) or resilience (eg, participation in sectarian violence; OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.9) to PTSD after the random TE. The finding of earlier studies that more general history of TE exposure was associated with increased vulnerability to PTSD across the full range of random TE types was replicated, but this generalized vulnerability was limited to prior TEs involving violence, including participation in organized violence (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.6), experience of physical violence (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.7), rape (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.7-3.8), and other sexual assault (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3).

Conclusion and Relevance: The World Mental Health survey findings advance understanding of the extent to which PTSD risk varies with the type of TE and history of TE exposure. Previous findings about the elevated PTSD risk associated with TEs involving assaultive violence was refined by showing agreement only for repeated occurrences. Some types of prior TE exposures are associated with increased resilience rather than increased vulnerability, connecting the literature on TE history with the literature on resilience after adversity. These results are valuable in providing an empirical rationale for more focused investigations of these specifications in future studies.

Year of Publication
2017
Journal
JAMA Psychiatry
Volume
74
Issue
3
Pages
270-281
Date Published
2017 Mar 01
ISSN
2168-6238
DOI
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3783
PubMed ID
28055082
PubMed Central ID
PMC5441566
Links
Grant list
R01 DA016558 / DA / NIDA NIH HHS / United States
R01 MH093612 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States
R03 TW006481 / TW / FIC NIH HHS / United States
R01 MH069864 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States
R01 MH061905 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States
U01 MH060220 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States
R01 MH070884 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States
R01 MH059575 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States
R13 MH066849 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States