Immune system changes occur early in development of multiple myeloma

Long before multiple myeloma becomes a malignant disease, the collection of immune system cells and signal carriers amid the tumor cells undergoes dramatic shifts, with alterations in both the number and type of immune cells, researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) report in a new study.

The findings, published online today by the journal Nature Cancer, are a step toward more personalized treatment of multiple myeloma. Future treatments may be geared to the immune microenvironment of each patient’s disease – the specific constellation of immune cells in and around myeloma tissue – the study authors say.

“Our results provide a comprehensive map of the immune changes that take place in pre-malignant myeloma,” said Broad Institute Cancer Program associate member Irene Ghobrial of Dana-Farber, the co-senior author of the study with institute member Gad Getz of MGH and the Broad's Cancer Genome Computational Analysis Group. “The discovery that the immune microenvironment is abnormal even at very early stages of the disease may suggest strategies for targeting myeloma before it becomes malignant.”

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of white blood cells known as plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is preceded by precursor conditions known as monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), in which people have abnormal plasma cells in their bone marrow but no physical symptoms or organ problems. Because not everyone with MGUS or SMM develops outright myeloma, treatment doesn’t begin until symptoms of myeloma – such as bone pain, low blood counts, kidney problems, and nerve damage – appear. Researchers are working on ways to intercede in the disease process early on to identify individuals at risk and prevent the development of full-blown myeloma.

The new study represents the first time that single-cell RNA sequencing – in which scientists pluck individual cells from tissue and scan their RNA to determine which genes are active – has been used to identify features of the immune microenvironment in myeloma precursor conditions.

“We wanted to understand the changes that occur in the microenvironment as the disease progresses from MGUS to SMM to overt myeloma, as compared to the bone marrow of healthy tissue donors,” said co-first author Oksana Zavidij of Dana-Farber and the Broad Institute. “The approach could ultimately shed light on why some patients progress to myeloma while others don’t and help us better target treatments to individual patients.”

The analysis revealed major immune changes early in the course of myeloma development:

• An increase in the number of natural killer (NK) cells – white blood cells that spring to attack foreign invaders and diseased cells – during MGUS. In patients with the highest volume of NK cells, the cells tended to be a type that is drawn into the bone marrow in response to signaling molecules.
• The loss, in SMM, of memory T cells – white blood cells that respond to previously encountered bacteria, viruses, and one’s own abnormal cells. (The finding suggests that treatments that replenish or activate these cells could be effective in some patients.)
• A dysregulation of certain monocytes – large white blood cells that take on intruders. These monocytes normally display foreign or tumor proteins to T cells, which use that information to attack infected or cancerous cells. In myeloma precursor conditions, however, myeloma cells prevent these proteins from being presented, resulting in a tamped-down immune attack on the cancer.

“These changes didn’t correspond to any particular precursor condition,” said co-first author Nicholas Haradhvala, of the Broad Institute, MGH, and the Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics. “They were found in different combinations in patients with MGUS and SMM, suggesting an axis upon which patients could be stratified for evaluation of individual-specific risk of progression and potential for early intervention.”

“Our findings have described the landscape of dysregulated immune system that can be used to follow up in much larger studies and build robust associations with patient risk and progression,” added Getz.

The co-lead author of the study with Zavidij and Haradhvala is Tarek Mouhieddine of Dana-Farber and the Broad Institute. The co-senior author with Ghobrial and Getz is Jamil Azzi of Dana-Farber and Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH). Co-authors are Romanos Sklavenitis-Pistofidis, Mairead Reidy, Mahshid Rahmat, Michael Agius, Jihye Park, Mark Bustoros, Marzia Capelletti, and associate member Eliezer Van Allen of Dana-Farber and the Broad Institute; Songjie Cai, Abdallah Flaifel, and Benjamin Ferland of BWH; Nang Su, Salomon Manier, Daisy Huynh, Brianna Berrios, Chia-Jen Liu, and Jennifer Guerriero, of Dana-Farber; Meng Xiao He of the Broad Institute and the Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics; Esteban Braggio, and Rafael Fonseca, of the Mayo Clinic Arizona; and Yosef Maruvka, Melissa Goldman, and institute member Steven McCarroll of the Broad Institute.

Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health grant (grants NIH R01 CA 205954 and R01CA181683); the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society; Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation; the Adelson Medical Research Foundation; and Stand Up to Cancer.

Adapted from a press release issued by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.